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2013년 12월 1일 일요일

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On               21               October               1869,               William               Edward               Dodd               was               born               in               Clayton,               North               Carolina.

His               father,               John               Dodd,               was               from               a               hard-scrabble               clan               of               respectable               yeoman.

His               mother,               Evelyn               Creech               Dodd,               was               from               a               modestly               affluent               family               of               antebellum               slave               owners.

After               the               war,               the               Creech               family               was               still               wealthy               enough               to               give               Evelyn               and               John               a               piece               of               land               to               call               their               own.

Such               financial               wealth               was               a               rarity               in               postwar               North               Carolina,               as               it               was               throughout               the               South.

The               mixed-class               background               of               his               parents               was               the               first               of               many               paradoxes               that               would               define               the               life               of               young               William.

When               the               Reconstruction               period               officially               came               to               an               end               in               the               1870s,               Conservatives               promised               a               "New               South."               Prophets               of               this               new               order               promoted               diversification               of               the               economy               and               the               establishment               of               an               industrialized               society.

The               reality               was               that               more               and               more               Southerners               were               becoming               tied               to               the               land               through               a               cruel               cycle               of               debt.

The               forces               of               rising               costs               and               falling               cotton               prices               made               Southern               farmers               work               twice               as               hard               as               before               to               keep               their               heads               above               water.

Many               farmers               had               to               borrow               against               their               crops               and               land               from               their               suppliers.

John               Dodd               fell               prey               to               these               forces               as               he               gradually               became               a               tenant               farmer.

Only               generous               credit               supplied               by               Evelyn's               uncles               (local               merchants               Sam               and               Ashley               Horne)               allowed               the               family,               to               keep               their               home.
               William               E.

Dodd               was               exposed               to               conflicting               historical               interpretations               at               an               early               age.

From               his               father,               William               learned               of               Northern               wrongs               and               how               the               salvation               of               the               South               lay               in               White               Democracy.

Another               factor               in               Dodd's               early               education,               and               a               far               more               influential               one,               was               his               mother.

Although               her               family               owned               slaves               before               the               war,               Evelyn               was               an               enigma               among               well-to-do               white               Southerners               of               the               time.

While               others               taught               history               according               to               unreconstructed               veterans               and               embittered               civilians,               Evelyn               lectured               her               children               on               how               emancipation               was               part               of               the               divine               will,               and               how               "[s]laveholders               .

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were               wholly               to               blame               for               the               great               war."               Dodd               was               aware               of               the               impact               his               mother               and               father's               differences               had               on               him.

"I               am               conscious               that               some               of               these               things               .

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influenced               my               thinking               if               not               my               writing,"               Dodd               said               in               1913.
               John               Dodd               imbued               in               his               children               the               ethic               of               hard               work               and               young               William               took               this               admonition               to               heart.

In               school,               Dodd               gained               a               reputation               as               Clayton's               most               studious               child.

Upon               finishing               public               school,               William               was               educated               alongside               the               children               of               Clayton's               elites               at               Professor               E.

G.

Beckwith's               "moderately               priced"               Utopia               Institute.

When               Professor               Beckwith               left               Clayton               in               1888               to               teach               mathematics               at               Wake               Forest               College,               the               nineteen-year-old               Dodd               was               asked               to               help               run               the               school.

Dodd               knew               that               his               escape               from               his               father's               fate               lay               in               furthering               his               education.

His               uncle,               Samuel               Horne,               revered               education               and               encouraged               William               to               pursue               it               as               a               vaccine               against               poverty.

Dodd               initially               tried               to               gain               admission               to               the               United               States               Military               Academy.

The               tenant               farmer's               son               scored               well               on               the               entrance               exam               and               managed,               through               his               influential               uncles,               to               garner               endorsements               from               two               state               senators,               the               Johnson               County               Sheriff,               and               powerful               Raleigh               newspaper               editor               Josephus               Daniels.

However,               Dodd               was               unable               to               secure               the               appointment.

In               1891,               Dodd               enrolled               at               Virginia               A&M               College               (later               Virginia               Polytechnic               Institute)               at               Blacksburg.
               Like               other               A&M               schools               of               the               time,               student               life               at               Virginia               A&M               was               structured               around               military               drill               and               discipline.

Despite               the               rigors               of               cadet               life,               Dodd               excelled               as               a               student.

He               joined               the               Y.M.C.A.

and               became               the               president               of               his               college               chapter.

One               of               Dodd's               most               notable               extracurricular               accomplishments               was               his               revival               of               the               school's               defunct               literary               magazine.

Dodd's               ability               as               a               writer               became               apparent               when               he               won               the               college               essayist's               medal               for               his               article,               "Abuses               of               the               English               Language."               During               this               time,               William               began               to               formulate               the               ideals               that               would               stay               with               him               throughout               his               career.

He               contributed               essays               on               the               causes               and               remedies               of               Southern               poverty.

According               to               the               budding               writer,               education               and               the               return               of               the               small               independent               farmer               would               serve               to               alleviate               the               South's               troubles.

Dodd               pondered               a               career               in               journalism               when               he               graduated               in               1895.

The               lack               of               job               offers               in               that               field               quickly               dissuaded               him.

Dodd               looked               to               graduate               study               and               teaching               for               his               salvation.
               During               his               years               in               Blacksburg,               Dodd               studied               under               Professor               Edward               E.

Sheib.

Sheib,               who               held               a               PhD               from               Germany's               prestigious               Leipzig               University,               was               highly               impressed               with               Dodd's               scholastic               abilities               and               believed               in               his               potential               as               a               historian.

He               urged               Dodd               to               pursue               a               doctorate               from               Leipzig               as               it               had               produced               such               American               historians               as               Henry               Adams,               Herbert               Baxter               Adams,               and               John               W.

Burgess.

Dodd's               only               obstacle               was               the               cost               of               attending               a               university               nearly               halfway               around               the               world,               as               his               meager               savings               would               not               suffice.

Dodd               petitioned               his               uncle               Sam               Horne               for               the               money               to               attend               Leipzig.

Horne               lent               his               nephew               more               than               fifteen               hundred               dollars               with               unlimited               time               to               repay.

In               June               of               1897,               Dodd               departed               for               Europe.
               Erich               Marcks               and               Karl               Lamprecht,               Leipzig's               most               notable               graduate               instructors,               were               famous               in               European               academic               circles.

Marcks,               the               biographer               of               England's               Queen               Elizabeth               and               Germany's               Kaiser               Wilhelm               II,               believed               that               biography               and               history               were               practically               one               in               the               same.

Lamprecht               had               an               opposite               philosophy.

Lamprecht's               Kulturgeschichte,               or               "Cultural               Psychology,"               theory               was               the               idea               that               "history               has               not               so               much               to               do               with               great               personages               of               the               past               as               with               the               currents               of               thought,               feeling               or               passion               which               produced               those               personages."               The               influence               of               these               two               instructors,               combined               with               Dodd's               yeoman               background               influenced               the               young               scholar               to               research               and               write               a               dissertation               about               Thomas               Jefferson               and               the               origins               of               the               Democratic               party.
               For               source               material,               Dodd               turned               to               American               state               papers               in               London               and               Berlin.

Dodd's               thesis               challenged               the               conventional               notion               that               Thomas               Jefferson               spent               the               years               after               retiring               from               George               Washington's               cabinet               organizing               and               directing               an               opposition               party.

Instead,               Dodd               pointed               to               a               widespread               popular               movement               that               pushed               the               reluctant               Jefferson               back               into               public               service.

The               conclusions               presented               in               Dodd's               88-page               doctoral               thesis               retained               their               validity               well               into               the               twentieth               century.
               When               Dodd               returned               to               America               in               November               of               1899,               he               faced               the               daunting               task               of               finding               gainful               employment.

Despite               holding               a               degree               from               one               of               Europe's               most               prestigious               universities,               Dodd               was               hard-pressed               to               find               work.

He               accepted               a               position               at               Randolph-Macon               College               in               Ashland,               Virginia,               the               only               offer               of               employment               he               received.

Dodd's               attempts               to               gain               recognition               in               the               academic               world               quickly               established               him               as               one               of               the               profession's               most               promising               newcomers.

He               quickly               rejected               the               dominant               view               of               American               history               that               came               from               the               Federalist-Whig               perspective.

Dodd               also               sought               to               break               the               monopoly               on               Southern               historical               interpretation               that               was               fiercely               guarded               by               Confederate               patriotic               societies.

The               demand,               "that               teachers               of               history               .

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subscribe               to               two               trite               oaths:               1)               that               the               South               was               altogether               right               in               seceding               in               1861               and               2)               that               the               war               was               not               waged               about               the               Negro."               was               main               impediment               Dodd               felt               hampered               the               critical               study               of               Old               South.
               Reflecting               the               influence               of               Erich               Marcks,               Dodd's               first               foray               into               professional               scholarship               was               the               biography,               The               Life               of               Nathaniel               Macon.

Macon,               a               U.S.

Representative               and               Senator               from               North               Carolina               who               served               from               1791               to               1827,               was               "vaguely               known,"               despite               the               fact               that               "every               southern               state               has               either               a               town               or               a               county,               or               both,               called               by               his               name."               Dodd               assessed               Macon               as,               "no               great               man               in               the               ordinary               sense               of               the               word,               but               .

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he               served               .

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the               people               of               North               Carolina               .

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more               faithfully               and               more               satisfactorily               .

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than               any               other               man               who               ever               represented               them."               Macon               would               have               been               a               flawless               politician               if               not               for               his               defense               of               slavery,               "the               basis               of               Southern               wealth,               and               necessary               as               a               weapon               with               which               to               fight               the               free               states."               To               Dodd,               Macon               almost               fit               the               mold               of               Thomas               Jefferson:               an               aristocrat               who               shunned               the               privileged               status               of               his               birth               to               champion               populist               democracy               and               common-folk               values.

Through               this               paradigm,               Dodd               would               come               to               assess               not               only               the               subjects               he               studied,               but               the               politicians               he               would               involve               himself               with.
               The               Life               of               Nathaniel               Macon
               contained               minor               factual               errors               and               grammatical               weaknesses,               characteristics               that               would               plague               all               of               his               writings.

However,               it               would               remain               the               foremost               Macon               biography               well               into               the               twentieth               century.

One               reviewer               found               Dodd's               pro-Democratic               bias               a               little               too               apparent.

Paul               S.

Peirce,               however,               called               the               work,               "a               welcome               contribution               to               American               political               biography."               The               Life               of               Nathaniel               Macon               brought               Dodd               moderate               notoriety.

The               New               York               Times               asked               him               to               contribute               to               its               "Saturday               Review               of               Books,"               but               the               most               significant               result               of               his               work               came               when               Professor               Ellis               P.

Oberholtzer               of               the               University               of               Pennsylvania               asked               him               to               write               a               biography               of               Jefferson               Davis.

Dodd               tackled               the               project               with               zeal,               but               with               a               great               deal               of               trepidation               as               well.
               Dodd               encountered               little               resistance               from               southern               archivists               in               his               search               for               source               material.

The               one               setback               was               the               denial               of               access               to               the               archives               at               the               Confederate               Memorial               Hall               in               New               Orleans.

In               a               titanic               irony,               the               Sons               of               Confederate               Veterans               condemned               the               obstruction               of,               "so               worthy               a               purpose               as               the               presentation               of               an               authentic               [Davis]               biography."               "It               is               not               an               easy               thing,"               Dodd               wrote,               "to               think               and               speak               dispassionately               of               Jefferson               Davis."               However,               Dodd               promised,               "to               steer               a               middle               course,"               in               the               hopes               that               both               the,               "ardent               nationalist,"               and               the,               "follower               of               'Jeff'               Davis,"               would               be               able               to               learn               something               from               the               work.

Dodd               was               not               overly               critical               of               his               subject               and               at               times               even               showed               sympathy.

In               discussing               the               criticism               of               Davis               in               the               Southern               press,               Dodd               commented               that,               "three               of               the               greatest               journals               were               from               the               outset               hostile               to               Davis,               indulging               daily               in               the               most               unseemly               abuse."               Dodd's               assessment               of               the               planter               class               was               far               more               judgmental.

"[E]very               one               in               the               South               who               exercised               any               influence,"               Dodd               stated,               "was               a               master               or               mistress               of               slaves."               In               passages               tinged               with               populist/progressive               social               commentary,               Dodd               chastised               these,               "monopolists               of               1860               .

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.[who]               were               ready               for               war               at               any               time               to               avoid               a               surrender               of               their               privileges,               or               franchises               -               to               use               a               more               modern               term."               These,               "princes               of               the               plantation,"               easily               rallied               poorer               allies               to               their               cause               as,               "the               small               planter               saw               his               beau               ideal               .

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[in               the]               charmed               circle               of               Southern               aristocracy."
               Despite               Dodd's               even               handed               treatment               of               Davis,               the               historian-general               of               the               Virginia               United               Daughters               of               the               Confederacy               dismissed               the               work               as               having               "not               done               President               Davis               justice."               Professional               reviewers               however,               were               more               impressed.

Charles               Francis               Adams               criticized               Dodd's               inaccuracy               and               his               "rather               sweeping               generalizations,"               but               he               praised               Dodd               for               being               "thoroughly               sympathetic               with               his               subject;               yet               throughout               judicial               in               tone."               An               anonymous               reviewer               wrote               that               Dodd,               "displays               .

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a               passion               for               truth               and               a               certain               mental               delight               in               compelling               its               acceptance."               The               Davis               biography               helped               establish               Dodd               as               a               respected               scholar               in               his               field.

By               1908,               Dodd's               reputation               was               solid               enough               to               garner               offers               from               the               Universities               of               Chicago,               Wisconsin,               and               California.

The               promise               of               increased               prestige,               higher               salary               and               more               academic               freedom               loomed               large               in               his               decision               to               leave               Virginia.

In               the               end,               Dodd               chose               Chicago,               despite               its               endowment               from               oil               tycoon               John               D.

Rockefeller.

"I               think               the               work               there               would               suit               me               with               the               single               exception               that               I               would               be               grazing               in               Rockefeller's               pasture,"               Dodd               said               of               Chicago.
               The               initial               products               of               Dodd's               work               at               Chicago               created               a               stir               within               the               profession.

The               first,               presented               in               1911,               was               a               study               of               the               presidential               election               of               1860.

In               "The               Fight               for               the               Northwest,               1860,"               Dodd               explained               that,               "[t]he               local               institutions               of               most               of               the               states               north               of               the               Ohio               were               Southern."               Dodd               asserted               that               foreign               immigration               to               the               Old               Northwest               by               people               who               "brought               with               them               opinions               and               ideals               hostile               to               slavery               and               to               the               South,"               helped               to               secure               the               election               of               Lincoln               in               1860.

"The               election               of               Lincoln,"               he               concluded,               "and,               .

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the               fate               of               the               Union               [was]               thus               determined               .

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by               voters               who               knew               the               least               of               American               history               and               institutions."               Although               Dodd's               thesis               would               be               challenged               in               later               years,               he               showed,               "how               real               history               might               be               made,"               according               to               Charles               Beard.
               Dodd's               next               project               was               Statesmen               of               the               Old               South;               or,               from               Radicalism               to               Conservative               Revolt.

The               progression               of               antebellum               Southern               history               is               personified               in               three               individuals:               Thomas               Jefferson,               John               C.

Calhoun,               and               Jefferson               Davis.

Dodd               presents               Jefferson               as               the               ideal,               a               man               of               elite               origins               who               shuns               privileged               interests               to               champion,               "the               full               and               complete               application               of               democracy."               Calhoun               is               presented               as               a               man               who               initially               embraced               Jeffersonian               principles,               but               gradually               gave               himself               over               to               proposing               "that               property               in               Negro               slaves               was               more               sacred               than               the               rights               and               ideas,"               of               Jefferson.

As               a               challenge               to               convention,               Dodd               asserts               that               Calhoun               was               not,               "an               arch-conspirator,               seeking               the               overthrow               of               the               government."               Rather,               Calhoun               was,               "a               nationalist               .

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to               the               day               of               his               death."               Calhoun               sought               not               to               overthrow               the               government               as               much               as               he               sought,               "to               weld               together               his               people               on               a               basis               of               economic               interest,"               so               that               they,               "would               decide               all               great               questions               in               [their]               favor."               In               concluding               his               study,               Dodd               presents               Jefferson               Davis               as,               "the               representative               of               property,               of               the               'interests'               not               of               the               struggling               masses               of               common               mankind."               Like               historians               of               the               progressive               school               of               interpretation,               Dodd               saw               antebellum               Southern               history               as               a               gradual               slide               into               the               abyss               of               secession               and               war.
               In               1911,               James               Harvey               Robinson               of               Columbia               University               presented               an               essay               titled               "The               New               History."               Robinson               professed               the               belief               that               historians               should               depart               from               nineteenth-century               scientific               methodology               and               integrate               the               tools               of               social               science               to               create               more               comprehensive               studies.

Two               years               later,               Dodd               answered               Robinson's               call               with               the               essay               "Profitable               Fields               of               Investigation               in               American               History,               1815-1860."               Dodd               brought               a               Marxist,               class-struggle               interpretation               to               bear               on               the               history               of               the               antebellum               United               States.

"The               principal               subject               which               the               student               of               this               period               .

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must               appreciate               is               the               development               of               a               dominant               interest,"               Dodd               began.

This               dominant               interest               was,               "a               distinct               civilization               with               definite               ideals               which               was               .

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nationalist               only               in               so               far               as               the               general               government               offered               a               guarantee               of               its               existence               and               property."
               This               thesis               was               put               forth               by               Karl               Marx               in               1861               when               he               stated               that               the               planters               sought,               "not               a               dissolution               of               the               Union,               but               a               reorganization               of               it               .

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under               the               recognized               control               of               the               slaveholding               oligarchy."               In               addition,               the               manufacturing               class               gradually               emerged               to               challenge               the               planters.

The,               "nature               of               their               business               made               them               the               masters               of               many               densely               populated               communities,"               which,               "gave               them               a               power               in               Congress               next               to               that               of               the               planters."               This               thesis               is               a               restatement               of               Marx's               assertion               that               the,               "struggle               between               the               South               and               the               North               [was]               .

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nothing               but               a               conflict               between               two               social               systems."               After               presenting               his               interpretation,               Dodd               proposed               that               historians               study               the               "tobacco               and               cotton               planting               industries,"               the               transportation               revolution,               and               Southern               religious               denominations               that               "were               the               most               ardent               protagonists               of               .

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the               feudal               system               which               had               grown               so               rapidly               during               the               half               century               under               consideration."               Remaining               true               to               the               influence               of               Erich               Marcks,               Dodd               also               encouraged               biographical               studies               of               such               individuals               as               William               Yancey,               Howell               Cobb,               Andrew               Johnson,               Stephen               A.

Douglas,               Edmund               Ruffin,               and               Robert               Barnwell               Rhett               as               a               means               to               achieve               these               ends.

Dodd's               paper               was               immediately               controversial.

Ulrich               B.

Phillips               called               the               paper,               "highly               suggestive               and               admirable,"               but               in               his               view,               race               was               far               more               influential               in               determining               Southern               policy               than               economics.
               Dodd's               fourth               book,               Expansion               and               Conflict,               was               a               repetition               of               the               themes               touched               upon               in               his               two               articles               and               in               Statesmen               of               the               Old               South.

Expansion               and               Conflict               covers               American               history               from               the               ascension               of               Andrew               Jackson               to               the               end               of               the               Civil               War.

Expansion               and               Conflict               contains               detailed               maps               that               show               voting               patterns,               the               growth               of               the               tobacco               and               cotton               industries,               and               suggestions               that               readers               compare               the               two               to               see               correlations.

Dodd               stated               that               his               purpose               was               to               help               those               students,               "who               may               be               desirous               of               knowing               why               things               happened               .

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as               well               as               how               they               happened."               Further               expounding               on               his               Marxist               interpretation,               Dodd               focused               on               the               struggle               that               pit               the               Northern               manufacturing               class               against               the               Southern               agrarian               class               for               dominance               of               the               West,               with               the               North               winning               out               through               economic               factors               such               as               the               expansion               of               the               railroad.
               Dodd's               third               book               as               a               professor               at               Chicago               was               The               Cotton               Kingdom.

In               a               concise,               30,000-word               study,               Dodd               examines               the               general               state               of               the               lower               South               in               1850.

Dodd               showed               a               stratified               society               dominated               by               the               philosophy,               "that               men               were               not               equal,               .

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some               men               were               fit               only               for               the               hard               toil               of               the               field               while               others               were               plainly               designed               for               the               easier               task               of               managing               and               directing               the               labor               of               others."               Furthermore,               "[t]here               were               no               natural               rights;               rights               were               prescriptive               and               they               implied               .

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a               service               rendered               to               society."               There               are               also               many               quotes               from               leading               pro-slavery               philosophers               of               the               day,               who               proposed               the               belief               that,               "the               lowest               class               .

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are               necessarily               on               a               low               moral               plane."               Dodd               quoted               Chancellor               William               Harper               of               the               Supreme               Court               of               South               Carolina               who               stated               that               the,               "               'want               of               chastity               among               slaves               hardly               deserves               a               harsher               name               than               weakness.'               "               Dodd               also               detailed               the               religious               and               educational               establishment               and               how               they               were               pillars               of               this               philosophy.

According               to               Dodd,               "[p]reachers               owned               slaves,               planters               guided               the               polity               of               the               church,               and               the               Bible               became               the               arsenal               from               which               the               best               pro-slavery               arguments               were               drawn."               The               Cotton               Kingdom               also               includes               a               section               on               the               literature               of               the               planters,               where               Dodd               points               out               that,               "The               Cotton               Kingdom               was               immediate               and               long-term.

Prior               to               the               appearance               of               Southern               history               surveys,               it               was               used               as               a               textbook.

Fifty               years               after               its               publication,               J.G.

Randall               and               David               Donald               called               The               Cotton               Kingdom,               "brilliant."               In               1992,               the               work               was               judged               "an               old               but               still               useful               survey               of               the               antebellum               South,"               by               James               McPherson
               Statesmen               of               the               Old               South,               Expansion               and               Conflict,               and               The               Cotton               Kingdom               were               written               to               serve               as               the               basis               of               a               multi               volume,               comprehensive               study               of               the               Old               South.

However,               Dodd's               lingering               involvement               with               politics               would               hamper               this               effort.
               "industrial-financial"               interests               for               the               defeat               of               Bryan.

Dodd's               boldest               political               action               was               demanding               a               meeting               with               President               Theodore               Roosevelt               in               1906               to               discuss               the               dismissal               of               a               postmaster               in               Hanover,               VA               whose               removal               Dodd               thought               highly               unjust.

The               President               granted               an               appointment,               was               immediately               intrigued               with               Dodd,               and               scheduled               a               second               meeting.

Despite               cultivating               a               friendship               with               Roosevelt,               Dodd               withdrew               his               support               of               him               in               1912               over               Roosevelt's               "New               Nationalism"               philosophy.

"I               prefer               bad               government               by               the               people,"               Dodd               wrote,               "to               good               government               by               a               great               master."               In               1912,               Dodd               gave               his               support               to               New               Jersey               governor               and               fellow               exiled               Southern               academic               Woodrow               Wilson.

Dodd's               eventual               involvement               with               Wilson               would               radically               alter               his               scholarship               and               life.
               Dodd               first               formulated               the               idea               of               a               Wilson               biography               in               1917.

His               intent               was               not,               "to               eulogize               or               criticize,               but               to               analyze               and               understand."               However,               Dodd               did               reveal               that               he               regarded               his               subject,               "as               the               greatest               man               who               has               ever               held               the               office               of               President."               Dodd               first               met               Wilson               in               1916,               after               requesting               an               appointment               to               discuss               the               preparedness               campaign               of               General               Leonard               Wood.

Upon               meeting               Wilson,               Dodd               concluded               that               he               was,               "a               politician               and               a               statesman               combined               -               as               were               his               masters               Jefferson               and               Lincoln."               A               few               months               later,               Dodd               interviewed               Wilson               for               the               biography               and               concluded               once               again               that               Wilson               was,               "a               very               great               man."               All               semblances               of               Dodd's               objectivity               were               lost.

In               Woodrow               Wilson               and               His               Work,               Wilson               is               cast               as               a               man               who,               "received               the               best               of               training               in               home,               church,               and               school,"               and               would               grow               to,               "reform               the               industrial               order               in               the               hope               of               restoring               somewhat               of               the               democracy               that               had               been               lost               in               the               turmoil               of               the               civil               war."               Drawing               comparisons               to               both               Jefferson               and               Lincoln,               the               "third               great               American               dreamer,"               fought               against               the               interests               of               privilege               until               his               downfall               at               the               hands               of               "the               great               reaction."               In               addition               to               the               privileged               class,               various               ethnic               groups               were               blamed               for               Wilson's               downfall.

Dodd               wrote,               "[t]he               negroes,               who               can               hardly               be               expected,               as               a               race,               to               rise               to               higher               levels               of               public               wisdom               than               the               whites,               thought               Wilson               their               .

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enemy."               Dodd               further               blamed               Italian,               Irish               and               German               elements               in               America               "whose               primary               instincts               were               foreign."               Reaction               to               Woodrow               Wilson               and               His               Work               was               extremely               negative.

An               associate               of               William               Dunning               proclaimed               that               Dodd,               "ought               not               be               permitted               to               teach               in               an               American               college."               Edward               S.

Corwin               criticized               Dodd               for,               "a               task               taken               prematurely,"               and               for               not               crediting               any               opposition               to               Wilson,               "with               a               worthy               purpose               or               moral               conviction."               The               Mississippi               Valley               Historical               Review               chastised               Dodd               for,               "placing               a               label               of               greatness               upon               a               man               whose               time               has               not               yet               been               judged               historically."
               The               1920s               were               marked               by               Dodd's               gradual               abandonment               of               scholarly               projects               in               favor               of               political               ones.

Dodd               crisscrossed               the               United               States               speaking               to               civic               groups,               university               students,               and               state               legislatures.

His               speeches               covered               a               variety               of               topics,               but               all               managed               to               follow               a               pattern               that               put               Wilson               at               a               central               place               in               American               history.

Following               Wilson's               death,               Dodd               collaborated               with               Ray               Stannard               Baker               to               edit               The               Public               Papers               of               Woodrow               Wilson.

Wilson               scholar               Arthur               S.

Link               would               call               the               work,               "an               indispensable               tool."               What               writing               Dodd               did               during               the               1920s               consisted               of               popular               articles               for               such               periodicals               as               the               New               York               Times,               Century,               and               American               Mercury.

A               compilation               of               three               of               these               articles               was               published               in               1927               as               the               book               Lincoln               or               Lee.

Dodd               stated               that               the               purpose               is               to,               "strengthen               the               appeal               of               history               to               a               generation               too               little               prone               to               think               or               assess."               The               work,               although               not               a               scholarly               work,               was               praised               by               authors               Carl               Becker               and               Carl               Sandburg.
               Into               the               1930s,               Dodd               still               intended               to               finish               his               comprehensive               history               of               the               Old               South.

In               1933,               fate               intervened.

A               longtime               friend               of               powerful               Democrat               Daniel               Roper,               Dodd,               complaining               of               his               workload,               asked               Roper               if               their               might               be               "a               minor               diplomatic               post               .

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available               -               where               I               could               finish               the               history               of               the               South               before               it's               too               late."               Dodd,               who               spoke               fluent               German               and               held               a               degree               from               one               of               Germany's               most               prestigious               universities,               best               represented               the               Wilson               idealism               which               the               Roosevelt               administration               sought               to               build               its               foreign               relations               on.

On               8               June               1933,               Franklin               Roosevelt               asked               Dodd               to               serve               as               ambassador               to               Germany.

Dodd               was               a               well-respected               scholar,               but               was               completely               unprepared               for               the               demands               and               protocols               of               an               ambassadorship.

He               was               constantly               at               odds               with               his               staff               and               the               officials               of               his               host               country.

Dodd               saw               himself               as               a               new               type               of               ambassador               who               would               depart               from               the,               "past               etiquette               and               behavior               .

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of               Louis               XIV               and               Queen               Victoria               times."               He               offended               Nazi               officials               by               boycotting               the               massive               Nuremberg               rallies,               and               speaking               critically               of               political               systems               built               on,               "the               control               of               society               by               privilege               seekers."               Dodd               also               spent               considerable               time               warning               the               Roosevelt               administration               of               how               Hitler               held,               "in               the               back               of               his               mind               the               old               German               idea               of               dominating               Europe               through               warfare."               In               the               last               years               of               his               life,               Dodd               would               be               an               ardent               prophet               of               the               impending               danger               of               Adolf               Hitler.
               During               his               final               year               in               Germany,               Dodd               finished               what               was               supposed               to               be               the               first               volume               of               his               long-anticipated               history               of               the               Old               South.

The               Old               South:               Struggles               for               Democracy               covered               the               history               of               the               colonial               South               from               the               founding               of               Jamestown               to               the               close               of               the               seventeenth               century.

Dodd's               work               casts               English               aristocrats               Lord               and               Lady               Berkeley               and               their               allies               in               a               struggle               against               the               democratic               "small               farmer-trading               colonies."               Reviewers               were               lukewarm               in               their               response               to               the               work.

Curtis               Nettles               called               it,               "descriptive               and               narrative               rather               than               analytical."               Nettles               further               criticized               Dodd               for,               "not               [taking]               into               account               the               indentured               servants               and               slaves,"               in               addition               to               having,               "little               to               say               about               .

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growing               inequalities               in               the               distribution               of               wealth."               Dodd               envisioned               three               more               volumes               of               his               work,               but               Old               South:               Struggles               for               Democracy               turned               out               to               be               the               swan               song               of               Dodd's               career.
               When               William               Edward               Dodd               passed               away               on               9               February               1940,               the               New               York               Times               called               him,               "the               world's               foremost               authority               on               the               history               of               the               American               South."               A               testament               to               the               quality               of               Dodd's               works               is               that               many               of               them               retained               their               validity               well               beyond               his               life.

Dodd               also               directed               the               work               of               over               fifty               doctoral               candidates,               including               the               Agrarians               Herman               C.

Nixon               and               Frank               Lawrence               Owsley.
               Dodd's               life               and               work               were               defined               by               paradoxes.

He               was               a               white               Southerner               who               rejected               the               romantic               defense               of               the               Old               South,               a               Southerner               in               a               field               dominated               by               Northerners,               and               a               man               who               distrusted               the               powerful,               but               whose               work               was               made               possible               in               part               by               the               social               groups               he               denounced.

Dodd's               wealthy               uncle               funded               his               graduate               study               and               much               of               his               Southern               research               was               made               possible               by               the               preservation               efforts               by               Confederate               groups.

Dodd               was               also               enigmatic               within               his               profession.

He               rejected               progressive               assessments               of               the               New               South               and               instead               saw               a,               "new               industrial               slavery               gradually               taking               the               place               of               negro               servitude."               Like               Karl               Marx,               Dodd               emphasized               the               importance               of               class               struggle               and               economic               factors               in               writing               history,               yet               he               rejected               a               strict               interpretation               along               these               guidelines               with               his               emphasis               on               biography,               and               his               belief               that               "[t]here               is               something               in               the               life               of               men,               associated               together               for               common               purposes,               which               defies               tabulation               and               which               escapes               the               closest               scrutiny               of               the               historians               who               seek               to               show               conclusively               that               a               single               cause               produced               certain               results."               Dodd's               life               was               paradoxical,               but               without               that               dynamic,               Dodd's               work               would               not               have               had               the               same               impact.

He               pioneered               the               critical               study               of               the               Old               South,               and               challenged               conventional               interpretations               of               American               history.
               WORKS               CITED
               Adams,               Charles               F.

Review               of               Jefferson               Davis               by               William               E.

Dodd.

American               Historical               Review               13               (1908):               878-80.
               Bailey,               Fred               Arthur.

William               Edward               Dodd:               The               South's               Yeoman               Scholar.

Charlottesville,               VA:               University               Press               of               Virginia,               1997.
               Corwin,               Edward               S.

Review               of               Woodrow               Wilson               and               His               Work               by               William               E.

Dodd.

American               Historical               Review               27               (1922),               334-37.
               Dodd,               William               E.

"The               Place               of               Nathaniel               Macon               in               Southern               History."               American               Historical               Review               7               (1902):               663-76.
               ________               .

"The               Status               of               History               in               Southern               Education."               Nation               75               (1902):               109-11.
               ________               .

"Karl               Lamprecht               and               Kulturgeschichte."               Popular               Science               Monthly               63               (1903):               419-26.
               ________               .

"Freedom               of               Speech               in               the               South."               Nation               84               (1907):               383-84.
               ________               .

Jefferson               Davis.

New               York:               Russell               &               Russell,               1907.
               ________               .

"The               Fight               for               the               Northwest,               1860."               American               Historical               Review               16               (1911):               774-88.
               ________               .

Statesmen               of               the               Old               South;               or,               From               Radicalism               to               Conservative               Revolt.

New               York:               MacMillan,               1911.
               ________               .

"Profitable               Fields               of               Investigation               in               American               History,               1815-1860."               American               Historical               Review               18               (1913),               522-36.
               ________               .

Expansion               and               Conflict,               Boston:               Houghton               Mifflin,               1915.
               ________               .

"Economic               Interpretations               of               American               History."               Journal               of               Political               Economy               24               (1916):               489-95.
               ________               .

The               Cotton               Kingdom:               A               Chronicle               of               the               Old               South.

New               Haven,               CT:               Yale               University               Press,               1919.
               ________               .

Lincoln               or               Lee.

Gloucester,               MA,               The               Century               Company,               1927.
               ________               .

Woodrow               Wilson               and               His               Work,               2d.ed.

New               York,               Peter               Smith,               1932.
               ________               .

The               Old               South:               Struggles               for               Democracy.

New               York:               MacMillan,               1937.
               Dalleck,               Robert.

Democrat               and               Diplomat:               The               Life               of               William               E.

Dodd.

New               York:               Oxford               University               Press,               1968.
               Marx,               Karl.

The               Karl               Marx               Library,               vol.

2,               On               America               and               the               Civil               War,               Saul               K.

Padover,               ed.

New               York:               McGraw               Hill,               1972.
               Mixon,               Wayne.

"William               E.

Dodd,"               Clyde               N.

Wilson,               ed.

Dictionary               of               Literary               Biography               vol.

17,               Twentieth               Century               American               Historians.

Detroit,               MI:               Bruccoli               Clark,               1983,               135-41.
               Nettels,               Curtis.

Review               of               The               Old               South:               Struggles               for               Democracy               by               William               E.

Dodd.

American               Historical               Review               (1938),               138-139.
               O'Brien,               Michael.

"C.

Vann               Woodward               and               the               Burden               of               Southern               Liberalism,"               American               Historical               Review               (1973),               589-604.
               Peirce,               Paul               S.

Review               of               The               Life               of               Nathaniel               Macon               by               William               E.

Dodd.

American               Historical               Review               10               (1904),               191-92.

contained               minor               factual               errors               and               grammatical               weaknesses,               characteristics               that               would               plague               all               of               his               writings.

However,               it               would               remain               the               foremost               Macon               biography               well               into               the               twentieth               century.

One               reviewer               found               Dodd's               pro-Democratic               bias               a               little               too               apparent.

Paul               S.

Peirce,               however,               called               the               work,               "a               welcome               contribution               to               American               political               biography."               The               Life               of               Nathaniel               Macon               brought               Dodd               moderate               notoriety.

The               New               York               Times               asked               him               to               contribute               to               its               "Saturday               Review               of               Books,"               but               the               most               significant               result               of               his               work               came               when               Professor               Ellis               P.

Oberholtzer               of               the               University               of               Pennsylvania               asked               him               to               write               a               biography               of               Jefferson               Davis.

Dodd               tackled               the               project               with               zeal,               but               with               a               great               deal               of               trepidation               as               well.






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